From Dr Richard C. Willan (Senior Curator, Molluscs at Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory):

Date: 17th November 2019
​Location: Barren Arch, Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand
Boat: Sun Spy (Northland Dive)
Species: Trapania sp. (undescribed), length 10-20mm
Depth: 12 metres
Water temperature: 15 degrees Celsius
Dive Team: Alison Perkins and Cameron Russo
Photography: Alison Perkins
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A weekend of hunting nudibranchs at the Poor Knights Islands (New Zealand) that was so successful it was worth making a list of all the species encountered!

I did 5 scuba dives, including a night dive, for 368 minutes in the water on 16th and 17th November 2019.

Dive sites:
- Northern Arch
- Blue Maomao Arch
- Blue Maomao Arch (night dive)
- Eastern Arch
- Barren Arch

I've put the common name of the nudibranch in brackets because I know some people will find that name more recognisable.

Nudibranchs:

1. Aphelodoris luctuosa (Common nudibranch or Variable nudibranch)
2. Cadlina willani (Willan's cadlina)
3. Caldukia rubiginosa (Ruby caldukia)
4. Ceratosoma amoenum (Clown nudibranch)
5. Chromodoris aureomarginata (Gold-edged chromodoris)
6. Cuthona cf. scintillans
7. Dendrodoris citrina (Lemon dendrodoris)
8. Dendrodoris krusensternii (Gem nudibranch)
9. Eubranchus sp., undescribed
10. Flabellina albomarginata (White-margined flabellina)
11. Janolus ignis (Red janolus)
12. Okenia mija (Speckled okenia)
13. Polycera maddoxi
14. Tambja tenuilineata, including mustard-coloured variant (Fine-lined tambja)
15. Trapania brunnea (Brown trapania)
16. Trapania sp., undescribed - *NEW*
17. Trinchesia sp., undescribed: yellow-tipped cerata with navy/purple highlight and cream speckles, brown rhinophores
18. Trinchesia sp., undescribed: dark green cerata with cream stripes, pale body has cream stripes
19. Cadlina sp., undescribed - seen by Jacqui Robson
20. Jason mirabilis (Jason's nudibranch) - seen by Jacqui Robson
21. Tambja morosa (Morose tambja) - seen by Jacqui Robson
22. Tularia bractea, green variant (Metallic tularia) - seen by Shane Housham

Other sea slugs:
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1. Elysia sp. (Blue-spotted elysia)

My first ever sighting of Chelidonura inornata - so exciting! A single individual was spotted at Oculina Point at the Poor Knights Islands at a depth of around 10 metres.

Chelidonura inornata is also known as the Ornate swallow-tailed sea slug. It is rarely sighted in New Zealand. It occurs throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific Ocean. In the southwest Pacific it is recorded from northern New South Wales, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and northeastern New Zealand.*

* Behind the Bubble Curtain, Auckland University Underwater Club 50th Anniversary Book.

Unusual to photograph Trapania rudmani on this kind of background. It might have been moving between food sources. This was taken at the Poor Knights Islands (Cream Gardens).

I've had plenty of recent sightings of this small species. Active during the daytime. Consistently in the 8-14 metre range. Egg coils common.

Despite good sightings I do believe that this nudibranch is rarely seen. It is small and blends in remarkably well with its food source. I attribute my success at spotting this nudi to having developed an eye for recognising its habitat and a patience for sitting there until I locate it.

Discovering a new species is not as easy as you might think. There’s that moment in the water when you’re looking at a creature and it looks kind of familiar but different. You don’t quite know if you’re seeing something ordinary or extraordinary. There's pressure to get photos - no photos, no identification. Once you have photos you start on the research and connect with a scientist. It takes time; there's a lot of uncertainty.

15th October - I was scuba diving at night in French Cove at the Poor Knights Islands. It was one of those sloppy weekends when there’s enough of a swell running so that shooting macro is like trying to hammer a nail in a washing machine... a bit painful.

Mooching around at about ten metres I spotted some small white egg coils. The flash of white in my torchlight grabbed my attention; I saw a small nudibranch moving on a red hydroid. Closer examination revealed three animals and I fired off some shots as best I could in the conditions. I had a feeling this might be a night-active nudibranch. I pictured it hiding within the bushy hydroid during the day. That theory was shot to pieces the next day when I spotted a similar active animal on a reef wall outside of Matt’s Crack. Neat white egg coils were there too.

There was something vaguely familiar about this nudibranch. I searched for a match. The Auckland University Underwater Club's Molluscs gallery is extensive and has a lot of my personal images in it. It didn’t reveal anything. A quick scan of Skip’s (Ian Skipworth's) nudibranch gallery did. There was a single photograph from Dusky Sound in Fiordland from 2006 and a tentative identification of Eubranchus rubeolus.

Fiordland in the deep south of New Zealand is a long way from the Poor Knights Islands. We do have nudibranchs that live across this range though. Jason mirabilis and Aphelodoris luctuosa are two examples, commonly found from Fiordland to the Knights.

I turned to google to try to find out more. The Sea Slug Forum popped up. In 1964 Burn described Eubranchus rubeolus from a single specimen found in Victoria in Australia. In 1971 Miller identified 4 specimens from Dunedin. Then everything went quiet, until Ian Skipworth photographed some animals in Fiordland in 2006. I ran into Skip at a BBQ recently and I asked him about Eubranchus rubeolus. He said he encountered the species just that one time in Fiordland, no encounter since.

Now a nudibranch that looks like Eubranchus rubeolus shows up at the Poor Knights Islands. 1964, 1971, 2006 and 2016 - that’s a long time between records. Clearly an expert opinion was needed so I emailed Dr Richard Willan, Curator of Molluscs at the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory in Australia. Dr Willan studied side-gilled sea slugs and sea hares at the University of Auckland. He knows a staggering amount about New Zealand's nudibranchs. I’m lucky to be able to call on his help in identifying kiwi underwater molluscs.

Dr Willan reviewed one of my images and took a look at Skip’s photo from Fiordland. While the nudibranchs look similar to my eye, he concluded "differences would certainly exceed variation within a single species". What does that mean? It looks likely that this is a new species of nudibranch.

I'm not laying claim to discovering a new species. We don't have a cohesive group of nudibranch enthusiasts in New Zealand. I can't say how many photos of this species might be floating around. So I'm putting my images and information out there in the hope that it can become an online resource to connect others who might be interested in learning more or sharing more.

Thanks to the power of social media my story doesn’t end here. On the weekend Shane Housham from Northland Dive photographed a similar nudibranch. I wasn’t surprised to learn that his discovery came from Danger Rock, a known nudibranch hot spot just south of the Bay of Islands. He observed a single animal. I note that his images do not show the nudibranch on the red hydroid that appears to be its food source in my images from the Poor Knights Islands.

The nudibranch appears to be from the family Eubranchidae - Eubranchus sp. It has been found in a depth of 10 to 12 metres. The animal is small with a length around 10 millimetres. It has a white stripe on its oral tentacles, red speckles on its head, a red/orange cap and inflated cerata with a golden apex. Active specimens have been spotted at both day time and night time. The red hydroid may be its food source.

I need your help to learn more! Have you seen this species? Now is the time to look and look hard. Nudibranchs have a tendency to be short-lived which can make them fleeting in time. I have observations from three different northern dive sites. Can you add to this? Please contact me if you think you’ve seen this species.

I call this undescribed species of Trinchesia the rasta nudi because it has a wild set of dreadlocks. It can be tiny and notoriously difficult to spot. If you manage to find one you'll never forget it! I've been spotting them in the 10-14 metre range.

Tularia bractea - let's face it this nudibranch is so small that it's really not commonly known. But if you had to give it a common name then you could go with Metallic tularia. Recorded from the Poor Knights Islands, Bay of Islands and Danger Rock in October 2016.

I first encountered this species at the Poor Knights Islands on 18 July 2011. I discovered it quite by accident. I was zooming in on a photo I'd taken of a crested blenny and noticed a couple of teensy nudibranch-looking blobs next to the fish - they were blurry. The next day I went hunting in earnest and discovered Landing Bay Pinnacle absolutely covered in these tiny molluscs. They were all over the place, but at about 2mm long, a bit difficult to capture in a photo with my Canon G9 camera.

Years on, these sea slugs have popped up on my radar again. I spotted them in Manta Bay and on Magic Wall at the Poor Knights Islands on 24-25 September 2016. This specimen is from Danger Rock outside of the Bay of Islands (9 October 2016). It was in a depth of about 14-16 metres.

Runcina katipoides is a sea slug but not a nudibranch. It is truly tiny; the slugs I've seen have been about 2-3mm long. It is probably more common than you might believe but its diminutive size makes it difficult to spot unless you're really trying to find micro molluscs.

This photo was taken with my Canon 5D Mark II using a 100mm macro lens. The photograph has been heavily cropped so that you can see the sea slug.

Some of the chubbiest Jason's nudibranchs you've seen munching their way through entire hydroid trees on the Canterbury wreck in the Bay of Islands.